MVME2432-1機器人模塊卡件
FRP系統的使用本文件是指由纖維和樹(shù)脂以特定方式組合并通過(guò)特定方法安裝而成的商用FRP系統。這些系統是通過(guò)材料表征和結構測試開(kāi)發(fā)的。未經(jīng)測試的纖維和樹(shù)脂組合可能會(huì )導致意想不到的性能范圍以及潛在的材料不相容性?？紤]使用的任何FRP系統應具有足夠的測試數據，以證明整個(gè)系統在類(lèi)似應用中的充分性能，包括其安裝方法。ACI 440.8提供了使用濕鋪工藝制造的單向碳纖維和玻璃纖維增強塑料材料的規范。建議使用通過(guò)材料表征和結構測試開(kāi)發(fā)的FRP系統，包括有充分文件證明的專(zhuān)有系統。應避免使用未經(jīng)測試的纖維和樹(shù)脂組合。包括ASTM、ACI、ICRI和ICC在內的多個(gè)組織制定了一套完整的FRP系統測試標準和指南。1.1.2可持續性FRP材料的可持續性可考慮環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟和社會(huì )目標進(jìn)行評估。不僅應在整個(gè)施工階段，還應在結構的維護和保存以及壽命結束階段的整個(gè)使用壽命中考慮這些因素。這是可持續性生命周期方法的基礎（Menna等人，2013）。生命周期評估（LCA）考慮產(chǎn)品的環(huán)境影響，從原材料提取開(kāi)始，然后是生產(chǎn)、分配、運輸、安裝、使用和壽命結束。FRP復合材料的LCA取決于產(chǎn)品和市場(chǎng)應用，結果各不相同。用于加固混凝土構件的FRP復合材料可以同時(shí)使用碳纖維和玻璃纖維，它們分別來(lái)自化石燃料或礦物，因此對原材料提取有影響。
盡管碳纖維和玻璃纖維具有與生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的高體現能量，分別約為86000 Btu/lb和8600 Btu/lb（200和20 mJ/kg）（Howarth等人，2014年），但生產(chǎn)和使用的總重量比鋼（體現能量為5600 Btu/lb[13 mJ/kg]）、混凝土（430 Btu/lb[1 mJ/kg）、，和鋼筋（3870 Btu/lb[9 mJ/kg]）（Griffin和Hsu 2010）。雖然與傳統建筑材料相比，樹(shù)脂和粘合劑系統的能量和潛在環(huán)境影響的使用量也很小，但研究較少。在分配和運輸過(guò)程中，FRP復合材料的重量較輕，運輸沖擊較小，材料搬運更方便，安裝過(guò)程中設備更小。就安裝和使用而言，FRP復合材料具有更長(cháng)的使用壽命，因為它們比傳統材料更耐用，需要更少的維護。FRP復合材料的壽命終點(diǎn)選擇更為復雜。盡管目前回收的FRP復合材料不到1%，但復合材料可以通過(guò)多種方式回收，包括機械研磨、焚燒和化學(xué)分離（Howarth等人，2014）。然而，很難將材料、纖維和樹(shù)脂分離，而不會(huì )導致再生材料的降解。美國混凝土協(xié)會(huì )–版權所有?材料–www.Concrete。org 4加固混凝土結構的外部粘結FRP系統（ACI 440.2R-17）回收復合材料的市場(chǎng)很小，盡管飛機制造商特別考慮在飛機生命周期結束時(shí)回收和再利用復合材料的方法和程序。除玻璃鋼材料和系統外，它們在維修和改造可能退役或拆除的結構中的使用具有內在的可持續性。在許多情況下，FRP復合材料允許延長(cháng)現有基礎設施的使用壽命或提高其安全性或性能，而貨幣和環(huán)境成本僅為更換的一小部分。此外，由于FRP復合材料的高比強度和剛度，與水泥基或金屬基修復相比，基于FRP的現有混凝土結構修復通常是一種能耗較低的選擇。
Use of FRP system This document refers to a commercial FRP system composed of fibers and resins in a specific way and installed by a specific method. These systems were developed through material characterization and structural testing. Untested fiber and resin combinations can lead to unexpected performance ranges and potential material incompatibilities. Any FRP system considered for use should have sufficient test data to demonstrate the full performance of the entire system in similar applications, including its installation methods. ACI 440.8 provides specifications for unidirectional carbon fiber and glass fiber reinforced plastic materials manufactured using the wet laying process. It is recommended to use FRP systems developed through material characterization and structural testing, including proprietary systems that are fully documented. Untested fiber and resin combinations should be avoided. Several organizations, including ASTM, ACI, ICRI and ICC, have developed a complete set of FRP system testing standards and guidelines. 1.1.2 The sustainability of sustainable FRP materials can be assessed by considering environmental, economic and social objectives. These factors should be considered not only in the whole construction phase, but also in the maintenance and preservation of the structure and the whole service life at the end of its life. This is the basis of the sustainable life cycle approach (Menna et al., 2013). Life cycle assessment (LCA) considers the environmental impact of products, starting from the extraction of raw materials, then production, distribution, transportation, installation, use and end of life. LCA of FRP composite depends on product and market application, and the results are different. FRP composites used to strengthen concrete members can use carbon fiber and glass fiber at the same time, which are respectively from fossil fuels or minerals, so they have an impact on the extraction of raw materials.
Although carbon fiber and glass fiber have high embodied energy related to production, about 86000 Btu/lb and 8600 Btu/lb (200 and 20 mJ/kg), respectively (Howarth et al., 2014), the total weight ratio produced and used is steel (5600 Btu/lb [13 mJ/kg] embodied energy), concrete (430 Btu/lb [1 mJ/kg),, and rebar (3870 Btu/lb [9 mJ/kg]) (Griffin and Hsu 2010). Although compared with traditional building materials, the use of energy and potential environmental impact of resin and adhesive systems is also very small, but there are few studies. In the process of distribution and transportation, FRP composite materials are lighter, with less transportation impact, more convenient material handling, and smaller equipment during installation. In terms of installation and use, FRP composites have a longer service life because they are more durable than traditional materials and require less maintenance. The end point selection of FRP composite is more complicated. Although less than 1% of FRP composites are currently recycled, composites can be recycled in a variety of ways, including mechanical grinding, incineration and chemical separation (Howarth et al., 2014). However, it is difficult to separate materials, fibers and resins without causing degradation of recycled materials. American Concrete Institute – All rights reserved ? Materials – www Concrete。 org 4 The market for recycled composites for externally bonded FRP systems (ACI 440.2R-17) for strengthening concrete structures is small, although aircraft manufacturers specifically consider methods and procedures for recycling and reusing composites at the end of the aircraft life cycle. In addition to FRP materials and systems, their use in the maintenance and reconstruction of structures that may be decommissioned or dismantled is inherently sustainable. In many cases, FRP composites allow to extend the service life of existing infrastructure or improve its safety or performance, while the monetary and environmental costs are only a fraction of the replacement. In addition, due to the high specific strength and stiffness of FRP composites, compared with cement-based or metal based repair, FRP based repair of existing concrete structures is usually a lower energy consumption option.
